If there was a single leader of all U.S. Navy airborne vehicles to be chosen, the employees’ favorite Douglas A-3 Skywarrior, or as they affectionately called it. The Whale would have been the one to get the most votes by far. By far, it was a huge one in comparison to most of the other aircraft on the deck. This Cold War monster made its debut in 1952 and did almost the entire Navy’s job, e.g., dropping nuclear bombs, spying secretly, interfering with enemy electronics, and, most notably, as a fuel carrier that allowed the fighters to continue flying and thus saved the lives of many pilots.
Born of a Nuclear Mission
The era right after the Second World War was undeniably tension-filled, and the Navy needed a procedure by which nuclear warheads could be safely dropped from the ocean. The Douglas Aircraft Company, led by the brilliant mind of Ed Heinemann, came back with the A-3—a massive and long-range carrier-based jet that could not only carry its destructive load but also reach deep into the continent. It was, however, a real headache to board such a heavy metal on the swaying and sea-tied runway. To make the deck handling easier, the engineers came up with a tricycle landing gear, gave it folding and high-mounted wings to rescue the hangar space, and installed two strong Pratt & Whitney J57 turbojets for long range.
The cockpit was quite functional but uncomfortable—the pilot and the bombardier/navigator were seated side by side, while the third member was backward-facing to be in control of the defense equipment. An unhappy and controversial decision resulted in no ejection seats being fitted to conserve weight, a decision that led to the black humor in the crew, which referred to the term “A3D” as “All Three Dead” in a crash.
From Nuclear Strike to All-Purpose Giant
The Skywarrior began operations in 1956, taking the place of the AJ Savage as the Navy’s nuclear strike weapon. However, with the advent of submarine-launched ballistic missiles, the nuclear bomber was soon out of a job. Rather than being retired prematurely, “The Whale” diversified. Its massive bomb bay, tough airframe, and endurance capabilities made it well-suited to new missions—electronic jamming, surveillance, and, most notably, air refueling.
Vietnam and the Tanker’s Lifeline
It was in Vietnam that the A-3 earned its legendary status. In the early days of the war, there were some Skywarriors that flew bombing missions, but it was the tanker versions—the KA-3B and EKA-3B—that provided the foundation for carrier operations. They refueled strike packages before crossing the beach, hovered at the edge of enemy airspace for emergencies, and even descended on floundering aircraft making their way home damaged or with dangerously low fuel levels.
War stories are replete with Skywarrior heroism. On July 18, 1967, for instance, Commander Tom Maxwell piloted his tanker deep into country—contrary to orders and under fire from enemy defenses—to refuel Lt. Commander Dick Schaffert’s low-flying F-8 Crusader, shepherding it back to safety. Aviation historian Joe Baugher estimated that Skywarrior tankers rescued up to 700 Navy and Marine planes during the war.
Built to Adapt
More than 282 Skywarriors were built in several versions. The main production model was the A-3B with better engines and avionics. The KA-3B performed the tanker role, while the EKA-3B did both refueling and jamming. The RA-3B was prepped for reconnaissance, and the EA-3B became a Cold War standard for electronic intelligence, flying around the globe and even flying missions in Operation Desert Storm in 1991. The U.S. Air Force also looked to the design, converting it to the B-66 Destroyer for use in ground-based operations.
Big Jet, Big Risks
Flying something the size of the Skywarrior off a carrier deck was an ongoing challenge. It broke records for the heaviest catapult launch, but its size made it less tolerant of error. Almost 42% of all Skywarriors produced were destroyed in accidents or combat, and without ejector seats, crews had fewer chances to survive an emergency. In spite of the hazards, its crews developed a reputation for skill, discipline, and lifesaving resolve.
Adieu to “The Whale”
By the early 1990s, newer and more specialized planes had replaced the Skywarrior’s missions. The Navy retired the remaining A-3s in September 1991, but their memory continues. Surviving specimens are on display at museums around the country, reminders of a time when the biggest bird on the carrier deck wasn’t a strike fighter, but the plane that ensured the strike fighters made it home.
The Douglas A-3 Skywarrior’s history is more than a roll call of specs or combat missions. It’s one of adaptation, unheralded heroism, and a plane so versatile it served for decades in missions its original creators never dreamed of. In short, it was “The Whale,” but it got the Navy through some of its most challenging years at sea.
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